Solid-state EV batteries are closer than you think
The race is on among automakers to develop and commercialize solid-state battery technology for electric vehicles (EVs). This promising next-generation battery promises significant advantages over today's lithium-ion batteries, including higher energy density for longer driving ranges, improved safety, and faster charging times.
What are solid-state batteries?
Unlike conventional lithium-ion batteries that use liquid electrolytes, solid-state batteries employ a solid electrolyte material, often ceramic or glass-based. This solid electrolyte enables higher energy density by allowing the use of a lithium metal anode. The lack of flammable liquid electrolytes also enhances safety.
Overcoming the dendrite challenge
A key challenge has been preventing the formation of lithium metal dendrites on the anode during charging, which can short-circuit the battery. Recent research at Harvard has made promising advances, incorporating silicon particles into the anode to facilitate uniform lithium plating and prevent dendrite growth. Their solid-state battery achieved an impressive 6,000 charge/discharge cycles while enabling 10-minute fast charging.
Automakers racing towards commercialization
Japanese automakers like Toyota, Honda, and Nissan are leading the charge, aiming for commercial solid-state EVs by the late 2020s. Toyota is partnering with Idemitsu Kosan to develop sulfide-based solid electrolytes, targeting 2027 for mass production. Honda is refining fabrication techniques like roll-pressing to improve electrolyte density and electrode interfaces.Volkswagen is collaborating with QuantumScape on a lithium metal architecture using a ceramic electrolyte designed for extreme fast charging under 5 minutes. Recent tests showed over 1,000 cycles with 500-600km range and 95% capacity retention.While challenges remain, the rapid progress across the industry suggests solid-state EVs offering transformative improvements in range, safety, and charging could be commercially available by the end of this decade.